The ubiquity of consciousness.

In his essay, What about ‘information’?, Massimo Pigliucci (2011) makes an eloquent argument to counter the claims of supporters of intelligent design, who argue that the evolution of intelligence must have been guided by some supernatural force. But, in making his case, he states that “only humans and other relevantly similar conscious organisms have knowledge”. He is certainly not the only one who considers that ‘knowledge’ and consciousness are qualities unique to highly developed species such as humans, dolphins or higher apes, denying them to the vast majority of species and organisms on Earth.